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障礙閱讀效率的因素之一是閱讀心理障礙和閱讀觀念的錯(cuò)誤。由于習(xí)慣了基礎(chǔ)階段字、詞、句、譯的初學(xué)模式,孩子們自然形成了一種比較固定的閱讀模式,即:詞語(yǔ)—句字—語(yǔ)法—翻譯—(答案),結(jié)果不僅閱讀速度慢,而且不能把握文章的主要脈絡(luò),更可怕的是忽略了整體理解,缺乏宏觀的英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。
閱讀習(xí)慣和速度
由于“求精”“求細(xì)”“求知識(shí)”的閱讀模式影響,不少孩子養(yǎng)成了一些不良閱讀習(xí)慣,這些不良閱讀習(xí)慣反過(guò)來(lái)制約了閱讀效率。這些不良習(xí)慣有:
1.閱讀視幅(eye span)小
2.聲讀或心讀
聲讀是指在閱讀時(shí)喃喃自語(yǔ)地把每個(gè)單詞念出聲來(lái),有時(shí)也可能是無(wú)聲地動(dòng)動(dòng)嘴唇,也有人稱(chēng)其為唇讀。另一種較難察覺(jué)的聲讀形式是心讀,即在內(nèi)心想象著或默吟著每個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音,往往用手指著讀。這種聲讀或心讀很可能是早期英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)以發(fā)音閱讀為中心的學(xué)習(xí)方法和精讀中養(yǎng)成的閱讀習(xí)慣所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。這樣做不僅有礙閱讀速度,而且會(huì)過(guò)分依賴(lài)語(yǔ)言而易忽略語(yǔ)意,從而影響閱讀的廣度和深度。
3.回讀
4.不了解西方寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)
一般西方寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是:
1. Topic sentence ( subject, controlling idea ) 主題句
2. Supporting sentence (A) 支持主題句的事例或細(xì)節(jié)
3. Supporting sentence (B) 支持主題句的事例或細(xì)節(jié)
4. Supporting sentence (C) 支持主題句的事例或細(xì)節(jié)
5. Concluding sentence 結(jié)論
請(qǐng)閱讀下面的例文:
Everywhere, you will always find “the white-haired boy”, sometimes called “the fair-haired boy”. He gets special treatment, as if he were above everyone else. You will find him in school, in college, at home, or where you work.
In school, he is the teacher’s darling who can do nothing wrong. Sometimes she lets him do little jobs for her. He comes to class in the morning, all shiny and clean. He is always raising his hand, ready with an answer to the teacher’s questions. And he knows all the answers. He gets in you hair, especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher you are stupid. How you hate him!
At college, he walks——more often stride——across the school grounds as if he owned them. Sometimes he wears a colorful football or basketball shirt or sweater, with a bright red, or green or yellow college letter proudly worn on the front of it. What broad shoulders and what muscles he has! He makes the girls happy by just smiling at them. He has the mark of success on him.
At home, “the fair-haired boy” is mother’s choice, her favorite. Sometimes, he is the oldest son——at times, the youngest. If you are in between, you are out of luck.
Then, you discover that there are others who share your feeling, and are ready to “l(fā)et their hair down”——to tell you their private thoughts. One of them asks, “Why does he have all that I haven’t got?” You ask yourself the same question.
Finally, there comes a day when you decide to stop hating him. Is it perhaps became he has been made the boss and you find yourself working for him?
1、From the passage we can know “the white-haired boy” is _______________.[!--empirenews.page--]
A、a boy whose hair is white B、a pet that does nothing wrong
C、a child who is his mother’s favorite child
D、a person who is lucky all the time
2、“He gets in your hair” (in Paragraph 2) means “ ”
A、he plays tricks on you
B、he does up your hair
C、he makes you a little angry
D、he cuts your hair too short
3、Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A、The middle son is considered the unluckiest at home.
B、The top student at college is the white-haired boy.
C、Wearing colorful clothes can make you attractive.
D、The teacher in school treats her students unfairly.
4、In the author’s opinion, you finally stop hating the “white-haired boy” because __________。
A、you have no choice but to face the fact
B、you decide to try your best to be better than him
C、you have been made the boss by him
D、you are beginning to admire him
同學(xué)們?cè)陂喿x本文時(shí)要利用一些閱讀的技巧,如:
1) 確認(rèn),分辨
確認(rèn)就是要將有關(guān)的詞句、指稱(chēng)看準(zhǔn)確,切勿張冠李戴,要行意結(jié)合,通過(guò)句式結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言意義正確把握語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容,同時(shí)對(duì)一句話或一個(gè)段落要進(jìn)行分辨,看講的是一個(gè)意思還是幾個(gè)意思,是屬于一個(gè)層面還是屬于幾個(gè)層面,并具有深層的含義,切勿囫圇吞棗。本文理解的關(guān)鍵就是先進(jìn)題的the fair-haired boy.
2) 預(yù)期,印證
在閱讀中對(duì)上下文應(yīng)有預(yù)期的能力,根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇的信息線索,主動(dòng)地預(yù)期下文情節(jié)的發(fā)展,作者思路的走向。要把握好這種thread of thought(思維主線),還可以借助段落、綱領(lǐng)或主題句以及一些具體信息。還可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇的承接語(yǔ),如however, yet, though等,以及句子功能的標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ)(indicator)等,還可以根據(jù)自己的前經(jīng)驗(yàn)、知識(shí)及上下文對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)所讀的書(shū)面信息或預(yù)期作出印證。
3) 聯(lián)系,推斷
由于每一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇都是有主題的,而且是有序關(guān)聯(lián)的。因此在閱讀時(shí)一定要注意前后聯(lián)系,上下關(guān)系,同時(shí)也要做到表里聯(lián)系———通過(guò)表層語(yǔ)言推斷出深層含義,內(nèi)外聯(lián)系———借助外圍背景知識(shí)推斷理解書(shū)面信息。這種宏觀閱讀能提高讀者的聯(lián)想能力和理解能力。
4) 語(yǔ)域,語(yǔ)境
每一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇都是有語(yǔ)域的,也就是說(shuō)語(yǔ)篇所表達(dá)的環(huán)境定位、人物之間的關(guān)系、語(yǔ)篇的性質(zhì)等。語(yǔ)境指語(yǔ)篇中的各種語(yǔ)言環(huán)境因素,其中包括上下文、言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)氣、暗示等內(nèi)容。了解語(yǔ)域和語(yǔ)境對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確理解語(yǔ)篇起著非常關(guān)鍵的作用。因此,要學(xué)會(huì)利用語(yǔ)域和語(yǔ)境。而且是善于運(yùn)用于閱讀之中,如例文的第2題,注意語(yǔ)境especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher you are stupid. How you hate him!
5) 歸納,總結(jié)
以上閱讀理解的基本要素不是互為孤立的,而是有機(jī)結(jié)合、互相滲透的。孩子在平時(shí)的閱讀中要有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行自我訓(xùn)練,利用綜合信息,善于得出結(jié)論,例文的話題是比較容易歸納和總結(jié)的,即:the white-hair boy is always lucky and fortunate, 如例文的第4題。
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