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語法要點:直接引語和間接引語屬于賓語從句范疇。直接引述別人的原話,叫直接引語;用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話, 或引用自己說過的話,叫間接引語。由于時間、地點以及人物都有可能起變化,所以間接引語中的時態(tài)、人稱、語序、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。
1. 直接引語和間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換方法
、 間接引語語序改為陳述句語序
陳述句用 that 引導(dǎo),口語中常省略 She said,例:
“I am going to the cinema. ”
→ She said (that) she was going to the cinema.
、 一般疑問句
用if/whether連接,例:
“Have you ever travelled by plane?” she asked me.
→ She asked me if / whether I had travelled by plane.
、 反意疑問句
用if/whether連接,例:
He asked,“You are a doctor, aren’t you?”
→ He asked (me) if / whether I was a doctor.
、 特殊疑問句
由原疑問詞連接(如疑問代詞是主語,不要改變語序),例:
He asked, “Who will come to help us?”
→ He asked who would come to help them.
She said, “Where have you been, Simon?”
→ She asked Simon where he had been.
、 選擇疑問句
由 whether…or 引導(dǎo),例:
Eddie said, “Is this a TV set or a computer?”
→ Eddie asked (me) whether that was a TV set or a computer.
⑥ 祈使句
用“tell /ask /order someone (not) to do something” 結(jié)構(gòu),將動詞原形變?yōu)閯釉~不定式,例:
“Put up your hands,” said the teacher.
→ The teacher told them to put up their hands.
“Don’t play football on the street,” the policeman said.
→ The policeman ordered us not to play football on the street.
2. 時態(tài)的變化
如主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時,直接引語變間接引語時,從句的謂語動詞在時態(tài)上要作相應(yīng)變化:
直接引語 間接引語
一般現(xiàn)在時 → 一般過去時
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 → 過去進(jìn)行時
現(xiàn)在完成時 → 過去完成時
一般過去時 → 過去完成時
過去完成時 → 過去完成時(不變)
一般將來時 → 過去將來時
3. 指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語,直接引語變間接引語時的變化
① 指示代詞
this →that
these → those
、 時間狀語
now → then
today → that day
tonight → that night
this morning(week, month…) → that morning(week, month …)
tomorrow → the next day
next week(month…) → the next week(month …)
yesterday → the day before
last week(month…) → the week(month…) before
three days(a year …) ago → three days(a year …) before
、 地點狀語 here → there
④ 動詞 come → go
特別提示:以上變化要根據(jù)說話的實際情況來定,不要機(jī)械地照搬。假如就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,here 就不必改為there;如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,yesterday,tomorrow 等時間狀語也不必改變。
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