2015初中英語語法大全(35)

(8) 過去將來時  過去將來時表示在過去預計將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

①過去將來時由“助動詞should(先進人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國英語中,過去將來時的助動詞一律用“would +動詞原形”。

②過去將來時常由于賓語從句中,時間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day).

③在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時,而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭�他搞那個項目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)

④表示純粹的將來時用would或should,表示打算或主觀認為的事情用was/were going to(+動詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)

⑤過去將來時還可以表示一個過去經(jīng)常性的動作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時他會隨身帶一把雨傘)

(9)現(xiàn)在完成進行時：現(xiàn)在完成進行時指一個從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在進行時雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個小時)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)

6、被動語態(tài)：

(1)被動語態(tài)定義：被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語是   動作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動語態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動語態(tài)。主動與被動的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區(qū)別。在英語中只有及物動詞和一些相當于及物動詞的詞組才有被動語態(tài)的形式。

(2)英語中被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be有時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動語態(tài)后的by短語有時可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表：

 [注]p.p.表示過去分詞。

(1) 被動語態(tài)的用法：

①不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時,用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)

③強調(diào)動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)

(2)主動語態(tài)如何改寫為被動語態(tài)：

(3) 注意點：

①“動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時,可以用間接賓語做被動句的主語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)。也可以用直接賓語做被動句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個風箏→一個風箏由他的父親做給了他)

②“動詞+賓語+動詞原形”改為被動時,動詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個可憐的人一天工作12小時→這個可憐人被迫一天工作12小時)

③“動詞+…+介詞”改為被動時,介詞一般在原位不動。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)

④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動語態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)。He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動)(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)