The old man is dying.
A. 表示按計(jì)劃發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),兩者可互換。
We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.
B. 表示由于客觀因素而產(chǎn)生的將來動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),用be going to結(jié)構(gòu),不用be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。
You are going to fall if you climb that tree.
Be careful. You are going to break that chair.
The highway is to be open to traffic in May.
If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.
You are to be back before 10 p.m..
A. “be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”側(cè)重說話人個(gè)人的意圖和打算,“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”側(cè)重受別人的指示或安排要做的事。
I'm going to try my best to write this article well.
B. 表示由于客觀因素或不受人控制的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),只用“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”,不用“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”。
It's going to rain.
Tomorrow is Friday.
I'll give the book to you after I finish it.
I hope all is well with him.
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.
He said they would arrange a party.
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.
She said she was to clean the classroom after school.
【提示】“was/were going to +動(dòng)詞原形”或“was/were+ 動(dòng)詞不定式完成式”可表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的過去將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
I felt something terrible was about tohappen.
I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.
【提示】“be about to do”和“be onthe point of doing”結(jié)構(gòu)一般不與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用,但后面可以接when引導(dǎo)的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要?jiǎng)由硖焱蝗幌掠炅恕?/div>
二、進(jìn)行時(shí)
進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這個(gè)動(dòng)作是暫時(shí)的,也是未完成的。進(jìn)行時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(一)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“am, is, are +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。
I'm reading the evening newspaper.
我正在看晚報(bào)。
2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
(1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法
①表示說話的此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
通常由表示“此刻”的時(shí)間狀語(now, at this moment),或通過Look/Listen!這兩個(gè)提示語來表明此時(shí)此刻動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
She is making a fire now.
她正在生火。
Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.
聽!瑪麗正在教室里唱英文歌。
②表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間段中正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
They are planting trees on the hill these days.
這幾天他們正在山上種樹。
③表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
能這樣用的動(dòng)詞并不多,通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave,stay等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞。這種用法比較生動(dòng),給人以一種期待感。
Where are you staying in Guangzhou?
你到廣州后準(zhǔn)備住在哪里?
(2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法
①表示一種重復(fù)的動(dòng)作,帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感情色彩
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往與constantly, always, forever等狀語連用,給現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作披上一層感情色彩。
She's constantly complaining.
她不停地抱怨。
②表示某一具體動(dòng)作或心理狀態(tài)的發(fā)展過程
The house is falling down.
房子正在倒下。
【注意】有時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作剛剛開始。
I'm forgetting my English.
我的英語開始忘了。
Food is costing more.
食品貴了起來。
③強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的重復(fù)
The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.
這個(gè)夏季火車幾乎天天晚點(diǎn)。
④表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是同一動(dòng)作
He who helps others is helping himself.
幫人就是幫自己。
⑤be動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
be動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。但有時(shí)可用“am, is, are + being +形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示暫時(shí)或故意如此。
The boy is being naughty.這孩子有點(diǎn)兒淘氣。
He is being modest.
他現(xiàn)在很謙虛。
【比較】
You are not polite.
你不講禮貌。(一貫如此)
You are not being polite.
你可有點(diǎn)兒不禮貌了。(暫時(shí)的現(xiàn)象)
3、不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
(1)表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。
This backpack belongs to me.
這背包是我的。
(2)表示知道、信念、理解、推測(cè)、懷疑、希望等含義的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose,hope, doubt等。
I don't think he will come tomorrow.
我想他明天不會(huì)來。
【提示】有時(shí)這些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可表示心理狀態(tài)的緩慢發(fā)展過程。
She's understanding you better now.
她越來越了解你了。
(3)表示要求、心愿等意義的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞有want, wish, need, desire等。
Your clothes need washing.
你的衣服需要洗了。
(4)表示繼續(xù)或持續(xù)含義的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞有continue, keep, last, go on等。
She still continues in poor health.
她仍然身體很差。
(5)表示感覺的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。
The apples taste good.
這些蘋果嘗起來不錯(cuò)。
【注意】如果這些動(dòng)詞表示一種有意識(shí)的行為,則可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
She is tasting the apple.
她正在嘗蘋果。
4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的比較
(1)暫時(shí)性動(dòng)作和經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作
The computer is working perfectly.
機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得很好。(暫時(shí))
The computer works perfectly.
機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)很好。(一直如此)
(2)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作和短暫性動(dòng)作
The bus is stopping.
車停了下來。(漸漸地)
The bus stops.車停了。(迅速)
(3)暫時(shí)性動(dòng)作和長(zhǎng)久性動(dòng)作
She is living in the country.
她現(xiàn)在住在農(nóng)村。(暫時(shí))
She lives in the country.
她住在農(nóng)村。(長(zhǎng)久)
(4)有感情色彩和沒有感情色彩
He is doing well at school.
他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。(贊揚(yáng))
He does well at school.
他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。(一般事實(shí))
(二)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“was / were +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.
昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在做功課。
2、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
(1)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法
①表示在過去某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或該動(dòng)作與過去的另一動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生
I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.
昨天晚上7點(diǎn)我正在吃晚飯。
【提示】當(dāng)句子意思很清楚時(shí),我們也可以把兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都換成一般過去時(shí)。
We listened closely while the teacher read the text.
老師讀課文時(shí),我們都仔細(xì)地聽著。
②表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
We were talking about you the whole morning.
我們整個(gè)上午都在說你。
③表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去將要發(fā)生的事
He told me that he was going soon.
他告訴我他很快就要走了。
(2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法
①表示故事發(fā)生的背景
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支醫(yī)療小組往前線行進(jìn)時(shí)天正下著雪。
②表示一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作剛剛開始
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來引出一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作,這種用法頗有點(diǎn)兒像鏡頭轉(zhuǎn)換。
Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.
5分鐘后,他已站在門口抽著煙。
③用來陳述原因或用作借口
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很嚴(yán)重的心臟病。
④與always, constantly等詞連用,表示感情色彩
The girl was always changing her mind.
這女孩老是改變主意。
3、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
①一般過去時(shí)往往表示某一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動(dòng)作在持續(xù)或未完成
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚給朋友寫了封信。(信寫完了)
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚一直在給朋友寫信。(信不一定寫完了)
②一般過去時(shí)表示只做一次動(dòng)作,而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動(dòng)作反復(fù)地進(jìn)行
She waved to me.
她朝我揮了揮手。
She was waving to me.
她不斷地朝我揮手。
(三)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“shall/will + be +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。
Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.
8點(diǎn)到10點(diǎn)之間不要給我打電話,我們那時(shí)正在上課。
2、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
(1)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法
①表示在將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I'll be taking my holiday soon.
我不久就去度假了。
②在口語中代替will/shall do
I hope you will be coming on time.
我希望你按時(shí)來。
(2)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法
①表示原因、結(jié)果或猜測(cè)
Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.
請(qǐng)你明天下午來吧。我明天上午有個(gè)會(huì)。(表原因)
Stop the child or he will be falling over.
抓住那個(gè)孩子,要不他會(huì)掉下去的。(表結(jié)果)
You will be making a mistake.
你會(huì)出錯(cuò)的。(表推測(cè))
②用在問句中,表示委婉禮貌
Will you be reading anything else?
你還要看點(diǎn)兒什么嗎?
When shall we be meeting again?
我們什么時(shí)候再見面?
③表示稍后一點(diǎn)兒的安排
The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.
這星期我們學(xué)第三單元,下周我們將學(xué)第四單元。
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.
我的任務(wù)在7月結(jié)束,之后我會(huì)回上海。
三、完成時(shí)
完成時(shí)是用來表示動(dòng)作的完成與未完成的情況。完成時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)。
(一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式是“have / has +過去分詞”,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常被稱為“與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去”,因此它不能與明確的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗戶打破了。
2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
(1)表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法,表示動(dòng)作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前就已完成,并與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。這種聯(lián)系實(shí)際上就是“過去的動(dòng)作”對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
I have bought a pen.
我買了一支筆。(結(jié)果:I have a pen now.)
The temperature has increased by 10℃.
溫度上升了10攝氏度。(結(jié)果:It is quite hot now.)
【注意】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的上下文所指的時(shí)態(tài)必須呼應(yīng)。
(誤)I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.(have bought表示你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有筆了,這和后面的have lost有矛盾)
(正)I bought a pen but I have lost it now.
我(過去)買了一支筆,但我已經(jīng)把它丟了。
(誤)I have lost my pen but I have found it now.(have lost強(qiáng)調(diào)你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有筆了,與后面have found的意思有沖突)
(正)I lost my pen but I have found it now.
我丟了一支筆,但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了。
(2)表示經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一時(shí)刻到說話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中的經(jīng)歷。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
你去過長(zhǎng)城嗎?
(3)表示延續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能要繼續(xù)下去。
He's loved fishing for a long time.
他愛好釣魚為時(shí)已久。(他現(xiàn)在仍愛好釣魚)
【注意】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法既可用于動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(主要是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞),也可用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,但它一般不適用于表示短暫動(dòng)作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞,如:open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用這類動(dòng)詞表示“未完成”,通常只限于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
I haven't seen a film for weeks.
我已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)星期沒看電影了。
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語
(1)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間以前的某個(gè)未明確指出的過去時(shí)間內(nèi),和它連用的時(shí)間狀語要與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān),不能是明確地表示過去的時(shí)間狀語。
①不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語:already, yet, before, recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我以前看過這部電影。
②頻度時(shí)間狀語:often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等
We have never heard of that.
我們從未聽說過這事。
③包含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語:now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我現(xiàn)在剛寫完信。
【比較】already和yet用法上的區(qū)別
already常用于肯定句,置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句,置于句末。但already有時(shí)也可用在疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情。
She has already gone.
她早就走了。
He has not come yet.
他還沒有來。
(2)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語
與“已完成”用法一樣,表示具體的過去的時(shí)間狀語不能與“未完成”用法連用。與其連用的往往是指一段時(shí)間的狀語以具體表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。
①since +具體時(shí)間,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從何時(shí)開始
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那以后他養(yǎng)成了另一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。
②for +一段時(shí)間,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久
We have worked here for ages.
我們?cè)谶@里工作很久了。
③until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment 到目前為止
I have not seen him so far.
到目前為止我沒見過他。
④in/during the past/last five years在剛剛過去的5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
過去的幾個(gè)星期里他沒在學(xué)校。
⑤all the while, all day一直,一整天
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)兩者都可表示過去發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作,但前者表示的是過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,而后者則只是表示過去有這一動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。
He locked the door.
他鎖過門。(但現(xiàn)在門是開是鎖不清楚。)
He has locked the door.
他把門鎖上了。(現(xiàn)在門是鎖著的。)
(2)兩者都可表示過去開始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù),而一般過去時(shí)則說明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。(現(xiàn)在仍住那兒)
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。(現(xiàn)在不住那兒了)
(二)過去完成時(shí)
過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作須在過去某一時(shí)間之前發(fā)生,即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。
1、過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過去完成時(shí)是由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就意識(shí)到我犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。
2、過去完成時(shí)的用法
(1)“已完成”用法
表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間之前或過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。句中常用by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語或以before,until, when, than等詞引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)含一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句。
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨天早上5點(diǎn)鐘時(shí),我們已經(jīng)做完了那件工作。
【注意】在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)閺木鋭?dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到達(dá)車站之前,列車已經(jīng)開了。
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后,努力提高他的英語水平。
(2)“未完成”用法
表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開始,一直持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間,還可能再持續(xù)下去。
Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那時(shí)一切都很順利。
(3)“想象性”用法
過去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法,主要用在if引導(dǎo)的和過去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish,as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.
要是她努力的話,她就會(huì)成功了。(事實(shí)上她沒努力,也沒成功。)
(4)表示“剛剛……就……”
過去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ...than ...等結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示“剛剛……就……”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他。
【提示】intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以用來表示一個(gè)本來打算做而未做的事。
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我原本打算來的,但有事發(fā)生了。
3、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比較
一般過去時(shí)表示過去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前,因此它表示的是“比過去更過去”。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已歸還了我借的書。
(三)將來完成時(shí)
1、將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成是由“shall/ will + have +過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就會(huì)全然忘記這件事的。
2、將來完成時(shí)的用法
(1)表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作,并往往對(duì)將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到這個(gè)學(xué)期末,我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。
【注意】在時(shí)間狀語從句中,不用將來完成時(shí),要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來代替。
When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.
等我做完這件事時(shí),我就做完我該做的所有的事了。
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
請(qǐng)待車停穩(wěn)了再下車。
(2)表示推測(cè)
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已經(jīng)聽說過這件事了。
四、完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)合,包括現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(一)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。
He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks.
他病了,已經(jīng)臥床3個(gè)星期了。
2、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
(1)表示動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night,all the morning, recently等狀語以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語連用。
She has been reciting the words all the morning.
她整個(gè)上午都在背單詞。
(2)表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束
My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain.
我的衣服全濕了,我剛才一直在雨中干活。
(3)表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)、重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
You've been saying that for five years.
這話你已經(jīng)說了五年了。
(4)表達(dá)較重的感情色彩
What have you been doing to my dictionary?
看你把我的字典弄成什么樣子了!
3、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù),而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性
Have you been meeting him recently?
你較近常和他見面嗎?
Have you met him recently?
你較近見到過他嗎?
(2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有感情色彩,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(可能表示不滿)
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(說明一個(gè)事實(shí))
(3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果
Who has been eating the oranges?
誰一直在吃這些桔子呀?(還剩余一些)
Who has eaten the oranges?
誰把桔子吃光了?(強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩)
(二)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“had been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在診斷之前一直患重感冒。
2、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
(1)表示過去某一時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間。和過去完成時(shí)一樣,過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也必須以一過去時(shí)間為前提。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
這東西我找了好多天才找著的。
(2)表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他過去多次向我提到過你的名字。
(3)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還常用于間接引語中
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
醫(yī)生問他吃了什么。
(4)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我剛看了幾分鐘他就進(jìn)來了。
3、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的比較
She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.
她已經(jīng)打掃過辦公室了,所以很整潔。(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
她一直在打掃辦公室,所以我們不得不在外面等著。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行)
QQ掃一掃您將獲得
你可能感興趣的文章