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高中英語代詞語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)!高三的同學(xué)們,學(xué)期過半了,英語復(fù)習(xí)的怎么樣了?英語診斷也是萬變不離其宗,掌握語法和單詞,功課也就迎刃而解了。帶同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)一下代詞吧!愛智康高中部老師為大家整理的高中英語代詞語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)!希望能幫到大家。
高中英語代詞語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1. 代詞
高考對代詞的考查,主要是在情景性極強(qiáng)的完形填空或短文改錯(cuò)中。命題者主要是從代詞的指代作用,代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)誤用以及代詞的功能錯(cuò)誤等方面對考生進(jìn)行考查。
1.3.1. 人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞
人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分,主格作主語,賓格作賓語或表語。物主代詞分形容詞性的物主代詞和名詞性的物主代詞。形容詞性的物主代詞作定語,名詞性的物主代詞作主語、賓語和表語。高考常把這兩種代詞綜合起來考查。
反身代詞包括 myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves 和 themselves 可用作賓語、表語和同位語;不能單獨(dú)作主語。
2.. 指示代詞
英語中的指示代詞主要是 this,that,these,those,such,same 等幾個(gè)。same 必須和定冠詞 the 連用或被 this,that,these,those 修飾表強(qiáng)調(diào);such 作代詞時(shí),常作表語,謂語動(dòng)詞視后面的主語而定。
this,that,these,those 的用法
this,these 一般用來指時(shí)間或空間較近的人或事物;that,those 指在時(shí)間或空間較遠(yuǎn)的人或事物。this,these 指后面要講到的事物;that,those 常用來指前面提到的事,同時(shí)可分別用來指代前面提到過的單數(shù)(用 that)和復(fù)數(shù)(用 those)可數(shù)名詞。
只有當(dāng)前文的名詞在下文再次出現(xiàn),前后兩個(gè)名詞分別帶有后置定語,以說明前后兩個(gè)名詞內(nèi)涵意義的不同時(shí),才可使用 that 或 those。指代不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),只能用 that;指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí) that = the one;指代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí) those = the ones。如果前后兩個(gè)名詞指代的是相同的事物時(shí)則要用 it 或 they(them)。
such 的用法
such 一般在句中作定語和主語,意為“這樣” ;such a (= so… a)“這樣一個(gè)” ;such… as “像……這樣的……”。
same 的用法
same 作指示代詞用,其前必須加定冠詞 the,在句中作定語、表語、主語或賓語。
3. 不定代詞
不定代詞具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì),并有可數(shù)與不可數(shù)之分,泛指人或事物,或?qū)θ、事物作不確定的指代。不定代詞種類較多,用法各異,下面對易混的不定代詞作分類對比介紹。
all,both,some,a few,few,several,many 等后絕不可接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。(但 some作“某一……”相當(dāng)于 a certain 意義時(shí)例外)
much,little,a little 后必須接不可數(shù)名詞。
every-,some-,any-,no- 構(gòu)成的合成詞之后不能接 of 短語。
neither,none 不可與其它否定詞連用。
all… not… = not all…
both… not… = not both… 均表部分否定。
each… not = not each…
some 與 any
兩詞雖然都有“一些”之意,但其用法十分不同:
some 多用在肯定句中或以下三種特殊的場合。any 表“一些”,多用在否定、疑問或條件從句中;any 用在肯定句中時(shí),表“任何、任一”之意。
以下三種情況下的疑問句中用 some 而不用 any:
1. 主動(dòng)提供服務(wù)或幫助時(shí):
— Would you like some bread?
— Yes, please.
2. 希望得到對方肯定回答時(shí):
My ink has run out. Can you lend some to me?
3. 否定疑問句,即反問句中表肯定時(shí)。
Tim, during such long summer holidays, why don’t you do some reading?
all 與 both
相同點(diǎn):其后都可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞;都用在限定詞之前;都可作主語、賓語、定語、同位語;與否定詞連用,都表部分否定。
不同點(diǎn):all 的起點(diǎn)為三者,both 只能是兩者;all 后可接不可數(shù)名詞,但 both 卻不能;all 可用作副詞,作狀語,而 both 卻不能;all 作主語時(shí),根據(jù)句子情景,謂語動(dòng)詞可單(指物或修飾不可數(shù)名詞時(shí))也可復(fù)(指人時(shí)),而 both 作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)。
none 與 neither,nothing,no one
none 是 all 的全部否定;neither 是 both,either 的全部否定。
none 既指人又代物,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)(更偏重用復(fù)數(shù));neither 既指人又代物,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)(更偏重用單數(shù))。none 和 neither 后都可接 of 短語。
none 否定指代上文中已提到過的名詞或代詞;nothing 只能否定 what 的提問或something,nothing 只指物,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
no one 多指人,與 nothing 一樣,其后都不能接 of 短語,但 no one 多用于否定回答 who 或 someone 的提問;no one 作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
either 與 both
either 既可指兩者中任意一個(gè),又可指兩者全部,而 both 只指兩者全部。
either 作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);作定語,修飾單數(shù)名詞,而 both 作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),作主語,修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
與 not 連用,either 表全部否定,both 表部分否定。
other 與 another
other 不可單獨(dú)使用,其前不是加冠詞、數(shù)詞、限定詞,就必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式,another卻可以單獨(dú)使用,也可以在后面加一單數(shù)名詞或代詞。
the other 指兩者中的另一個(gè),another 指眾多中另一個(gè)。
“the other +單數(shù)名詞”意同 the other 意為“(兩者中)另一個(gè)”;“the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意同 the others 或 the rest,意為“其余的全部,其余所有的”。
another 后常接單數(shù)名詞或代詞;若接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),其固定結(jié)構(gòu)為 “another +數(shù)詞/字 +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = 數(shù)字+ other/more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”。
other 泛指“別人”、“有人”;the others 特指“其余所有的人/物”。
few 與 little 和 a few 與 a little
few 與 little 表否定,意為“很少、幾乎沒有”,“少”;a few 與 a little 表肯定,意為“一點(diǎn)兒”。
few 與 a few 后接可數(shù)名詞;little 與 a little 后接不可數(shù)名詞。
only a few 常表達(dá) few 的意思;quite a few 則與 many 意思相同。
副詞 every 表“每隔、每隔幾……”意義時(shí),其后用 few 而不用 a few。
4.關(guān)系代詞
1. who 與 whom
who 在從句中用作主語,whom 在從句中用作賓語,兩者都指人。如:
Do you know the man who is standing there?
你認(rèn)識(shí)站在那兒的那人嗎?
That is the woman whom I met on the street yesterday.
那就是我昨天在街上遇到的女人。
2. whose
whose 在從句中用作定語,可指人也可指物。如:
Did you meet a boy whose name is Tom?
你遇到過一個(gè)名叫湯姆的孩子嗎?
3. which
which 在從句中可用作主語、賓語和表語,通常指物。如:
The building which stands by the river is our school.
坐落在河邊的那幢樓是我們學(xué)校。
4. that
that 可用來代替 who,whom 和 which。如:
He is not the man that he was before.
他現(xiàn)在不是過去的他了。
5. as
一般來說,as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,其先行詞都有 such 或 the same 來修飾。如:
He is such a good teacher as his father is.
他和他父親一樣是位好教師。(as 在從句中用作表語)
5. 疑問代詞
1. 疑問代詞的形式和含義
疑問代詞有 who(誰,主格),whom(誰,賓格),whose(誰的,所有格),what(什么),which(哪個(gè),哪些)等。其中who,whom,whose只能指人,what 和 which 可指人或物。它們具有單數(shù)概念或復(fù)數(shù)概念。
疑問代詞引導(dǎo)的疑問句為特殊疑問句,它們一般都在該疑問句的句首,并在其中作為某一句子成分(如主語、賓語、表語等。)
(1) 疑問代詞還可以引導(dǎo)間接疑問句。
如:
Tell me what is troubling you.
告訴我什么事使你煩惱。
(2) 疑問代詞 who,what,which 后可加 ever 以加強(qiáng)語氣。如:
Whoever can that be?
那究竟會(huì)是誰呢?
2. Who 的用法
who 是主格,只有名詞性質(zhì)。它的用法有:
(1) 用于疑問句。如:
Who is going to lose his job next week?
下個(gè)星期誰將被解雇?
(2) 用于修辭性疑問句。如:
Who would care for a girl like her?
誰會(huì)喜歡她這樣的姑娘呢?
3. Whom 的用法
whom的賓格,只有名詞性質(zhì),常用于書面語中,如:
Whom are you writing to?
你在給誰寫信?
在口語中一般皆用who。如:
Who did she decide to take to court?
她決定起訴誰?
在介詞之后一般用 whom,但在口語中也可用 who,如;
This novel is very well written.
這本小說寫得很好。
By who?
誰寫的?
4. Whose 的用法
whose是所有格,和物主代詞一樣,也有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),但形式相同。如:
Whose loves are these?
這是誰的手套?(形容詞性,作定語)
Whose are these gloves?
這手套是誰的?(名詞性,作表語)
5. What 的用法
what也有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),它的用法有:
(1) 用于疑問句。如:
What caused him to change his mind?
什么使他改變了主意?(作主語)
What is he?
他是干什么的?(作表語)
What did they sing the next room?
他們在隔壁唱的什么?(作動(dòng)詞賓語)
What did you come across in the bookstore?
你在書店里無意發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?(作介詞賓語)
What time will you come?
你什么時(shí)候來?(作定語)
what 除指人與物外,還可表示時(shí)間、數(shù)量等。如:
What day is today?
今天星期幾?
(2) 用于修辭性疑問句及感嘆句。如:
What does it matter?
這有什么關(guān)系?
What more do you want?
你還需要什么呢?(其含義是“你應(yīng)該知足了”)
(3) 用于省略句。如:
Something is the matter, but I don’t know what.(= what it is )
總有點(diǎn)不對勁,但我不知道是什么。
6. Which 的用法
which 用于指物或人,也有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì)。它的用法有:
Which subject is your best one?
你哪門功課學(xué)的較好?(單數(shù),作定語)
Which would you like to eat- steak or fish?
你喜歡吃什么——牛排還是魚?(單數(shù),作賓語)
Which of you knows the answer?
你們中有誰知道答案?(單數(shù),作主語)
7. 疑問代詞的用法比較
(1) who 與 what 的區(qū)別:who 多指姓名、關(guān)系等,what 多指職業(yè)、地位等。如:
— Who is he?
他是誰?
— He is Jack.
他是杰克。
— What is he?
他是干什么的?
— He is a doctor.
他是個(gè)醫(yī)生。
(2) who 與 which 的區(qū)別:
Who entered for the race?
誰報(bào)名參加了賽跑?(對人數(shù)未加限制)
Which of you entered for the race?
你們當(dāng)中哪些人報(bào)名參加了賽跑?(對人數(shù)有限制)
(3) what 與 which 的區(qū)別:
What fruit do you like best?
你較喜歡什么水果?(不限制范圍)
Which fruit do you like the best?
你較喜歡哪一種水果?(限制在一定范圍內(nèi))
注意:但人們也常說:What will you have, beer or wine?(你喝什么,啤酒還是葡萄酒?)這是因?yàn)槿藗冊谝婚_始提問時(shí)并未想到有選擇性。
6. 替代詞
英語中替代詞常用 it/one/that/as/so 等,其中 it、one、that 三個(gè)替代詞都有其相應(yīng)的復(fù)數(shù) them/they、ones 和 those。
6.1. it 與 one
比較以下兩組句子:
1. I bought a pen yesterday. But today I’ve lost it.
I lost a pencil yesterday, so today I’ve bought one.
2. I borrowed a story-book from Tina the other day. It was really interesting.
Li Fang’s reference book is very helpful. I’d like to buy another one.
很明顯:it 替代上文中的同一個(gè),而 one 只是替代上文中同一類的一個(gè)。
one 與 that
先看以下例句:
These flowers aren’t beautiful at all. Please show me another one.
I prefer a white cat to a black one.
Is a student from the country more honest than one from the city?
Is the student from the country more honest than the one from the city? that
The books in his drawer are far more interesting than the ones on the desk. those
The light of the sun is much stronger than that of the moon.
替代上文中被不定冠詞修飾的名詞,替代上文表泛指意義的名詞,或名詞只有前置定語修飾時(shí),只能用 one/ones。
替代上文中不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),只能用 that。
替代上文中被定冠詞修飾的可數(shù)名詞時(shí),one/those 可能通用,但 one(s) 前必須加定冠詞 the。
1.3.7.2. it 與 which
請看以下兩組句子:
1. Tom didn’t get married until thirty; it made his parents worried.
Tom didn’t get married until thirty, which made his parents worried.
2. Jim, the most hardworking student, didn’t pass the exam. It surprised us all.
Jim, the most hardworking student, didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us all.
顯然,it(It) 連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立或平行的句子;而 which 引導(dǎo)一定語從句。
1.3.7.3. as 與 which
仔細(xì)比較下列句子:
Mary was remarried, which/as was natural.
Mary was remarried, which made her parents less worried.
Linda was remarried, which was inglorious(不光彩).
Linda was remarried, as we had expected.
Mary was remarried, as we had expected.
As we had expected, Mary was remarried.
Don’t make such foolish mistakes as I’ve made.
Do you have the same dictionary as she has?
which 和 as 都可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,替代上文中整個(gè)一句話的內(nèi)容。
非限制性定語從句若是否定式,或從句含有消極意義,或從句是主謂賓(狀/補(bǔ))結(jié)構(gòu)且缺主語等情況時(shí),只能用 which。
若非限制性定語從句位于句首,或有“正如……,正像……,這一點(diǎn)”等意義,或先行詞被 such,same 修飾時(shí),那么替代詞只能用 as。
7. 替代詞 so
英語中,某些動(dòng)詞如 do,say,hear 或表看法的心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞 think,hope,believe,expect,suppose,guess,fear,be afraid 等以及特殊句型中,常用 so 替代上文中的內(nèi)容或情況。
Who dared (to) say so then?
— The new teacher is very strict.
— I’ve heard so.
— Do you think we can get there in time?
— Yes, I think so. (No, I don’t think so.)
— Can you beat Class One?
— Yes, I believe so.
— Tom swims in the river every summer. — So do I.
— Tom swims in the river every summer. — So he does.
— Our teacher asked Tom to fetch some chalk. — He did so.
助動(dòng)詞
so + 系動(dòng)詞 +主語 這一句型表示甲乙兩個(gè)不同的對象具有相同的情況。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞
so +主語+ 系動(dòng)詞這個(gè)句型表示甲陳述某一情況,聽話人乙表示贊同甲的說法。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞 主語+ 系動(dòng)詞 + so 該句型是指甲吩咐、命令、叫乙去做某事,乙照辦了之意義。
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