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小學英語寫作句型語法講解
愛智康小學學科英語負責人 馬杰老師
一、句子的基本概念
英語寫作的基本單位是句子。對于句子,你必須知道:
句子的定義
A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain at least a subject and a verb.
句子的分類
1.句子按功能分為:
陳述句:The right name is important in the business world.
I don't understand any of it.
祈使句:Read through the passage once.
疑問句:What do you do if you're stranded(處于困境的)on a lonely island?
感嘆句:What a lovely present it is!
2.句子按結構分為:
簡單句:She is fond of collecting stamps.
并列句:The food was good, but he had little appetite.
復雜句:The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
【訓練導航】
判斷以下是否是句子。
1. Birds can fly. 是
2. The birds in the cage which I bought yesterday. 不是
3. Wait for me at the station. 是
4. If you know how to play with words to make people laugh.不是
5. A way of saying “I’m sorry”. 不是
6. Patting the stomach before a meal. 不是
7. The bread my mother makes is much better than what you can buy at the store. 是
8. To make friends in the school which was not far from my new home. 不是
9. If you want to know what it feels like to fall through the air, take off in a rocket, fly a helicopter or fight alien creatures in outer space. 不是
二、認識簡單句
簡單句是英語寫作的基礎。寫好了簡單句,才有可能寫好并列句和復合句。寫好簡單句有四個前提:
1. 把握好英語的五大基本句式結構;
2. 正確理解句子成分;
3. 把握好句子各部分之間的邏輯關系;
4. 準確使用時態(tài)語態(tài)及主謂一致。
簡單句五種基本句式
(一)主語+系動詞+表語(S+V+P)
1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The cake smells good.
3. Everything looks different. 。
4. He is growing tall and strong.
5. Our well has gone dry.
6. His face turned red.
這些句子有一個共同的特點:謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思,必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構成復合謂語,才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞,常見的系動詞有:be, seem, appear, keep, become, go, get, grow, turn, look, sound, feel, taste, smell。
(二)主語+不及物動詞(S+V)
1. The man cooks.
2. The sun is shining brightly.
3. We all breathe, eat, and drink.
4. They talked for half an hour.
這些句子有一個共同的特點:謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思,不需加賓語。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞,后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。
(三)主語+及物動詞+賓語(S+V+DO)
1. Who knows the answer?
2. He enjoys reading.
3. He said, “Good morning.”
4. I want to have a cup of tea.
這些句子的共同特點是:謂語動詞都具有實義,都是主語產生的動作,但不能表達完整的意思,必須跟有一個賓語,即動作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。
(四)主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(S+V+IO+DO)
1. He brought you a dictionary.
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3. I showed him my pictures.
4. I gave my car a wash.
這些句子有一個共同的特點:謂語動詞必須跟有兩個賓語才能表達完整的意思,故這類動詞被稱作雙賓語動詞。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者,另一個是動作的間接承受者。一般來說指人的賓語叫間接賓語,指物的賓語叫直接賓語。通常情況下間接賓語在前,直接賓語在后;有時也可把間接賓語置于直接賓語后,此時間接賓語前需加介詞for或to。
間接賓語后置與for連用的動詞有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。
Uncle Li bought me a birthday present.= Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me.
間接賓語后置與to連用的動詞有give, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。
Please pass him a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to him.請遞給他一杯茶。
注意:若直接賓語是人稱代詞,通常情況下將其置于間接賓語之前。例如:
誤:Please give me them. 正:Please give them to me.
(五)主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語(S+V+DO+OC)
1. They called him James .
2.We will keep the table clean .
3. They painted the door green.
這些句子的共同特點是:謂語動詞雖然是及物動詞,但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思,必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語,才能使意思完整。賓語補足語的作用是說明賓語的動作或狀態(tài)。賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。賓語補足語可以由名詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞和介詞短語等充當。注意:在使役動詞make, let, have等引起的復合賓語中,若賓語補足語是動詞不定式,則要省去不定式符號to。例如:
He made us laugh.
特殊句型--There be 句型
There be句型主要用來表示“某地有某物或某人”。如果be動詞后面有兩個或兩個以上的主語,be動詞的選用需要遵循“就近原則”。
There is a dictionary, three books and a pen on the desk.
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