【中考英語語法】初中英語中都有什么時(shí)態(tài)？(4)

　　2. 過去完成時(shí)

　　(1)表示過去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：

　　1)we had just had our breakfast when tom came in.

　　2)by the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

　　(2)動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：

　　i had meant to take a good holiday this year, but i wasn’t able to get away.

　　另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是：

　　1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如：

　　we were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

　　2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：

　　i meant to have told you about it, but i forgot to do so.

　　(3)過去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型：

　　1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時(shí)+ when + 過去時(shí)。例如：

　　hardly had i got on the bus when it started to move.

　　2)no sooner +過去完成時(shí)+ than +過去時(shí)。例如：

　　no sooner had i gone out than he came to see me.

　　3)by (the end of ) +過去時(shí)間，主句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

　　the experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

　　3. 將來完成時(shí)

　　將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作;也可以用來表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示將來時(shí)間的短語和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示將來時(shí)間的詞語或句子;when, after等加上表示將來動(dòng)作的句子等。例如：

　　1)by this time tomorrow you will have arrived in shanghai.

　　2)i shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

　　3)when we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

　　4. 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)刻。例如：

　　i have been looking for my lost book for three days, but i still haven’t found it.

　　(2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)刻。例如：

　　it had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

　　(3)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻。例如：

　　by the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.