【中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法】初中英語(yǔ)中都有什么時(shí)態(tài)？(4)

　　2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　(1)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：

　　1)we had just had our breakfast when tom came in.

　　2)by the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

　　(2)動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：

　　i had meant to take a good holiday this year, but i wasn’t able to get away.

　　另外兩種表示“過(guò)去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是：

　　1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如：

　　we were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

　　2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：

　　i meant to have told you about it, but i forgot to do so.

　　(3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型：

　　1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ when + 過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

　　hardly had i got on the bus when it started to move.

　　2)no sooner +過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ than +過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

　　no sooner had i gone out than he came to see me.

　　3)by (the end of ) +過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

　　the experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

　　3. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)

　　將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作;也可以用來(lái)表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)或句子;when, after等加上表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句子等。例如：

　　1)by this time tomorrow you will have arrived in shanghai.

　　2)i shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

　　3)when we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

　　4. 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：

　　i have been looking for my lost book for three days, but i still haven’t found it.

　　(2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：

　　it had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

　　(3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻。例如：

　　by the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.